Wikipedia is mentioned in the definition of augmented reality (AR) in the Indonesian language is plus reality, the technology that combines two-dimensional virtual object and three-dimensional or in a real environment and projecting a three-dimensional objects in the virtual, real-time.

Virtual objects function displays information that can not be accepted by humans. This makes the reality tertambah useful as a tool to help the perception of and interaction with real world users. The information displayed by virtual objects helps users carry out activities in the real world.

History of augmented reality

Actually, the history of augmented reality has been started from the year 1957-1962, when an inventor named Morton Heilig, a cinematographer, creates a simulator called Sensorama with visual, vibration and odor.

In 1966, Ivan Sutherland found a head-mounted display. In 1975, a scientist named Myron Krueger found Videoplace that allows the user, can interact with virtual objects for the first time.

In 1989, Jaron Lanier, introduces Virtual Reality and created the first commercial business in cyberspace.

In 1992 developed the augmented reality to make improvements at Boeing, and in the same year, LB Rosenberg developed one of the functions of augmented reality system, called Virtual Fixtures, which are used in the United States Air Force Armstrong Labs and show its benefits in humans, and the also in 1992, Steven Feiner, Blair MacIntyre, and Doree Seligmann introduced for the first time for Major Paper Prototype development of AR.

In 1999, Hirokazu Kato a Japanese national, to develop in the Augmented Reality Toolkit HITLab and demonstrated at SIGGRAPH.

In 2000, Bruce.H.Thomas develop Augmented Reality Quake, a Mobile Augmented Reality Game is shown at the International Symposium on Wearable Computers.

In 2008, Wikitude Augmented Reality Travel Guide, introducing Android G1Telephone an augmented reality technology.

In 2009, Saqoosha introduced FLARToolkit (Flash Augmented Reality Toolkit) which is the development of Augmented Reality Toolkit.

FLARToolkit allows us to put up a website disebuah Augmented Reality technology, because the shape of the resulting output FLARToolkit Flash. Actually Saqoosha inspired NyARToolkit (both Japanese), but NyARToolkit already taken many languages ??ranging from Java, C + +, C #.

NyARToolkit also ARToolkitmilik HITLab actually adopted from Washington. Until recently been a lot of software to help programmers create applications in augmented reality.

The future of augmented reality

Unlike Virtual Reality which aims to replace perceptions with the artificial world, augmented reality has the purpose to improve one’s perception of the world around him.

Being partly virtual and real, new technology Augmented Reality interface that displays the relevant information is very helpful in education, training, repair or maintenance, manufacturing, military, games and entertainment.

Augmented Reality has many advantages over Virtual Reality because the user can see and touch and digital objects can interact with digital elements. By using Augmented Reality technology means it will give birth to new types of interaction between humans and computers.

This translator was an update of the Bing Translator which was first used as a formal application in Windows Phone. This electronic translator applications can be downloaded for free in Windows Phone MarketPlace. Bing Translator Translator difference with this new keyboard is the use of facilities and facility use cameras to take pictures of text you want translated. Bing Translator only has the ability to translate foreign words through sound.

This translator can translate six languages ??commonly used in the world, such as English, Spanish, German, French, Italian, Chinese, and 30 other languages. Microsoft also understand that not every backpacker or traveling lovers can and understand the languages ??in the world. That is why, the Translator was created.

Uniquely, this application does not have to operate online, because Microsoft has made this Translator that can help product users are online or offline. Not only does it translate into a language understood only users, these applications can also be used to translate the user’s native language into the desired foreign language orally. For example, the user writes the word ‘warning’, then it will come out of the speakers sound phonenya “Achtung”, or warning in German.

With the presence of this application allows anyone to go crawl into another country without having to be accompanied by a tour guide or even bother to bring a dictionary. Simply say, write, or take a photo paper only, then all translation problems can be solved easily.

Honda motorcycle products using injection system PGM-FI technology with which this is Honda CBR 250 R, CBR 150R, PCK, X Supra Supra X 125 PGM-FI Helm in Helm and spacy in PGM-FI and Honda Vario Techno. Especially for Honda CBR itself, this year awarded as Indonesia’s best motorcycle in Automotive Award 2012.

Sepeda Motor Injeksi Irit Harga Terbaik Cuma Honda (Efficient injection Motorcycles Honda Only the Best Price), now a campaign slogan for the product that uses Honda’s PGM-FI technology is. As well as a campaign of public awareness in order to use vehicles in addition to saving fuel is also friendly to the environment.

Honda as one of the world’s largest vehicle manufacturers appear to be serious in working on motorcycles this injection, they have applied this technology since 2005, could arguably be a precursor to Honda motorcycles with injection systems.

What is Video Conferencing?

The development of communication technology bring changes in the process of delivering information. Shape information conveyed not only audio but also visual. Video conferencing uses telecommunications of audio and video to bring people in different places held a joint meeting. The concept of video conferencing as a conversation between two people (point-to-point) or involve several places (multi-point) with more than one person in large rooms at different places. In addition to audio and visual delivery of meetings, video conferencing can be used to share documents, computer information disclosed, and the board.

In the era of the 70s a management expert who predicts that the master of human resources and information will conquer the world. This can be proved that towards the 21st century countries and companies that excel are those who from the beginning has been to apply information technology as a tool to compete. Information technology has become a weapon (tool) in the company’s business processes that can make rapid flow of information runs internally and eskternal.

Information technology has many roles in helping people and solving problems. Helping Humans in: increase productivity, improve effectiveness, increase efficiency, improve quality, increase creativity, problem solving (problem solving).

The main purpose infrormasi technology is helpful in solving problems with high creativity and makes people more effective in memanfaakannya. The principle of “High-tech / high-touch” is more “high-tech” information technology that we consider, the more important to consider aspects of “high-touch” of information technology that is the human aspect. Do not ask human beings to adapt to technology but adjust the technology to humans.

The responsibility of users of information technology will provide an important role in maximizing the performance of information technology. The role played by the user is to know how to use information technology and its limitations in many situations, the user should be able to use information technology properly and ethically so as not to violate the rights, privacy and the presence of others, users must protect data and information within a computer system or sent over the network, from loss and damage.

Fission Reactors

Fission power reactors generate heat by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium isotopes fissil.  Furthermore, fission power reactor further grouped into:

• Thermal reactors use a neutron moderator to slow down or to moderate neutrons so that they can produce further fission reactions. Neutrons generated from fission reactions have high energy or in a state of rapid, and is reduced or slowed energy (thermal made) by moderators so as to ensure the continuity of the chain reaction. This relates to the type of fuel used in thermal reactors that prefer slow neutrons than for fast neutron fission.
• Fast reactor sustaining a chain reaction without the need for a neutron moderator. Because the fast reactor fuel using a different type with thermal reactors, neutrons produced in fast reactors do not need to be slowed in order to ensure permanent fission reactions take place. It may be said, that the thermal reactors using thermal neutrons and fast reactors using fast neutrons in the fission process respectively.
• Subcritical reactor using external neutron source rather than using a chain reaction to produce a fission reaction. Until 2004 this is only a theoretical concept only, and no prototype of the proposed or built to generate electricity, although some laboratory tests demonstrate the feasibility and some already implemented.

Thermal reactor

* Light water reactor (LWR)

• Boiling water reactor (BWR)
• Pressurized water reactor (PWR)
• SSTAR, a sealed, the reactor for a small network, similar PWR

* Graphite Moderator:

• Magnox
• Advanced gas-cooled reactor (Agr)
• High temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR)
• RBMK
• Pebble bed reactor (PBMR)

* Heavy water Moderator:

• SGHWR
• CANDU

Fast reactor

Although first-generation nuclear reactor type fast reactor, but the development of nuclear reactors of this type less than the thermal reactors.

Benefits include fast reactor nuclear fuel cycle that has to use all the uranium contained in urainum nature, and can also transmute the radioisotopes which depends on the entire waste into material faster. With this reason, real fast reactor is inherently better ensure continuity of energy availability rather than thermal reactors. See also the fast breeder reactor. Since most of the fast reactor used to produce plutonium, the reactor type is closely related to nuclear proliferation.

More than 20 prototypes (prototype) fast reactors have been built in the United States, Britain, Soviet Union, France, Germany, Japan, India, and until 2004 a unit of the reactor being built in China. Here are some fast reactors in the world:

• EBR-I, 0.2 MWe, the United States, 1951-1964.
• Dounreay Fast Reactor, 14 MWe, England, 1958-1977.
• Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station Unit 1, 94 MWe, the United States, 1963-1972.
• EBR-II, 20 MWe, the United States, 1963-1994.
• Phenix, 250 MWe, France, 1973-present.
• BN-350, 150 MWe plus desalination, USSR / Kazakhstan, 1973-2000.
• Prototype Fast Reactor, 250 MWe, England, 1974-1994.
• BN-600, 600 MWe, USSR / Russia, 1980-present.
• Superphénix, 1200 MWe, France, 1985-1996.
• FBTR, 13.2 MWe, India, 1985-present.
• Monju, 300 MWe, Japan, 1994-present.
• PFBR, 500 MWe, India, 1998-present.

(The electric power shown is the maximum power, the date displayed is the date when the reactor reached a critical first time, and when the reactor critical for last time when the reactor is already in the decommissioning (decommissioned).

FUSION REACTOR

Nuclear fusion offers the possibility of a large release of energy with only slightly radioactive waste generated as well as with better security level. However, there are still obstacles kendal-science, engineering and economics that hamper the use of fusion energy for electricity generation. This is still an active research field with such a large scale can be seen in JET, ITER, and the Z machine.

Until 2005 there were 443 licensed nuclear power plant in the world, with 441 of them operate in 31 different countries. The entire reactor was supplying 17% of world power.

The first nuclear reactor to generate electricity generating station experiment is EBR-I on December 20, 1951 near Arco, Idaho, United States. On June 27, 1954, the world’s first nuclear power plant which generates electricity for the electric network (power grid) started operation in Obninsk, USSR. The first commercial scale nuclear power plant is a Calder Hall in England, which opened on October 17, 1956

What and how effect and impact of nuclear radiation, if a nuclear explosive

As many as 4,000 people were killed in the accident, and victims continue to fall after suffering from various diseases caused by exposure to radiation.

Some health effects suffered by victims of nuclear radiation, including cancer. The number of victims is still controversial, but cancer is estimated to 93 thousand and 200 thousand people affected by other diseases.

Victims are directly exposed to the radiation exposure of acute radiation syndrome (ARS), they died within a few weeks after the explosion. In addition to ARS affected, there are also victims who died of thyroid cancer after exposure to the air inhaling radioactive.

In addition, there are also victims of nuclear radiation who suffered from leukemia, metabolic disorders, and cataracts. Some people also claim to have fertility problems and pregnancy problems, but has not been established whether the problem is the effect of radiation.

Let us hope that the nuclear problem in Japan, due to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan, can be overcome and will not cause adverse effects .

Photo : The nuclear reactor facility in Fukushima, Japan

Although it has been turned off, the demise of the cooling system becomes a serious concern. Therefore, nuclear reactors already shut down still require cooling process. To anticipate the worst, the government has asked residents near a nuclear reactor is to evacuate to a safe radius.

“Orders have been announced to the entire population living in a radius of less than 3 kilometers to go away and anyone who was in a radius of three to ten miles were asked to stay indoors,” said Japan’s Chief Cabinet Secretary Yujio Edano as reported by AFP.

He said the order to evacuate is a precaution. Earlier, Prime Minister of Japan Naoto Kan has ensured there was no radiation leak at a nuclear reactor.

In addition to nuclear reactors in Fukushima, the problems are also experienced in other nuclear reactors in Miyagi, one of the most severely affected region in the northern Fukushima earthquake. In a nuclear reactor operated Onagawa Tohoku Electric Power, the fire was burning in a building separate from the reactor turbine. However, it does not cause problems in the reactors.

In accordance with computer technology

After going through the process of digitalization, information received will be turned into a series of binary numbers that make up the information in the form of digital code. The digital code will be able to be manipulated by computers. An example is the video camera image that has been converted into digital form. Digital form representing the picture elements (pixels). Elements of the images could be manipulated by computers. So that we can create a certain effect on the image and can also improve the image quality is considered poor. Its manipulation form could be the addition of light intensity on the image, so that the existing image becomes lighter or darker, increase the sharpness of the image that lack focus, and improving color in certain parts of the image.

Multiplexing

This technology allows us to distribute information in a variety of types and in large numbers at once. The information in the form of digital signals will be distributed through a single communication channel. Later a single channel will be divided into smaller channels and separately, so, the need for construction and maintenance will be minor. There are two multiplexing systems offered are:

1. Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) – Communication channel will be divided into smaller channels that have a unique frequency. So the digital signal containing information then go in and distributed in the channel will not be mixed with each other. Examples of this type of multiplexing system is on broadcast and cable elevisi. FDM popular with transparent code designation.
2. Time division multiplexing (TDM) – Multiplexing system is the way it works is by dividing the incoming digital signal into smaller pieces. Then each of the signal will be transmitted simultaneously in one time. This system is fast and efisien. System can also be monitored via computer.

Integrity of data during transmission process

At the time the information transmitted in the form of digital signals, although has traveled a considerable distance data integrity will remain intact. Digital signal will be through a series of repeater stations (repeater station) that serves to protect and strengthen the signal along the transmission route. Disturbance in the form of bad weather and noise will not affect the transmission of digital signals. This happens because, at the repeater station will have regenerated digital signal. The signals are damaged will be replaced by a new signal.

Flexible communication system

Digital technology through the Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) or integrated services digital telecommunications network to deliver a variety of information in a single network sebauh. ISDN can be described as a large information pipeline that consists of various components of information that can be images, data, voice. All data can be accessed and moved with ease through a specific tool that is easy dicolokan and revoked. Examples of tools used for data transfer method is a data cable and flash tool is widely used to exchange data and information in digital form. ISDN technology is bringing a revolution in how we communicate. We can exchange pictures, graphs, and data easily, quickly and can be done anywhere and anytime.

Cost Efficiency

Equipment on digital technologies generate mass production which then will reduce the cost of production. The tools of digital technology is also more stable, practical and has a long durability in use. This caused the cost of maintenance becomes a little more. This is because the technology integrated circuit (IC) which will then be better known as chips. These objects have a significant impact, because with a chip, computer technology that previously had to use the machines and components that are large, heavy and cumbersome task can be replaced by these chips.

Reference: Wikipedia and Various Other Sources