What is Video Conferencing?

The development of communication technology bring changes in the process of delivering information. Shape information conveyed not only audio but also visual. Video conferencing uses telecommunications of audio and video to bring people in different places held a joint meeting. The concept of video conferencing as a conversation between two people (point-to-point) or involve several places (multi-point) with more than one person in large rooms at different places. In addition to audio and visual delivery of meetings, video conferencing can be used to share documents, computer information disclosed, and the board.

In the era of the 70s a management expert who predicts that the master of human resources and information will conquer the world. This can be proved that towards the 21st century countries and companies that excel are those who from the beginning has been to apply information technology as a tool to compete. Information technology has become a weapon (tool) in the company’s business processes that can make rapid flow of information runs internally and eskternal.

Information technology has many roles in helping people and solving problems. Helping Humans in: increase productivity, improve effectiveness, increase efficiency, improve quality, increase creativity, problem solving (problem solving).

The main purpose infrormasi technology is helpful in solving problems with high creativity and makes people more effective in memanfaakannya. The principle of “High-tech / high-touch” is more “high-tech” information technology that we consider, the more important to consider aspects of “high-touch” of information technology that is the human aspect. Do not ask human beings to adapt to technology but adjust the technology to humans.

The responsibility of users of information technology will provide an important role in maximizing the performance of information technology. The role played by the user is to know how to use information technology and its limitations in many situations, the user should be able to use information technology properly and ethically so as not to violate the rights, privacy and the presence of others, users must protect data and information within a computer system or sent over the network, from loss and damage.

Fission Reactors

Fission power reactors generate heat by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium isotopes fissil.  Furthermore, fission power reactor further grouped into:

• Thermal reactors use a neutron moderator to slow down or to moderate neutrons so that they can produce further fission reactions. Neutrons generated from fission reactions have high energy or in a state of rapid, and is reduced or slowed energy (thermal made) by moderators so as to ensure the continuity of the chain reaction. This relates to the type of fuel used in thermal reactors that prefer slow neutrons than for fast neutron fission.
• Fast reactor sustaining a chain reaction without the need for a neutron moderator. Because the fast reactor fuel using a different type with thermal reactors, neutrons produced in fast reactors do not need to be slowed in order to ensure permanent fission reactions take place. It may be said, that the thermal reactors using thermal neutrons and fast reactors using fast neutrons in the fission process respectively.
• Subcritical reactor using external neutron source rather than using a chain reaction to produce a fission reaction. Until 2004 this is only a theoretical concept only, and no prototype of the proposed or built to generate electricity, although some laboratory tests demonstrate the feasibility and some already implemented.

Thermal reactor

* Light water reactor (LWR)

• Boiling water reactor (BWR)
• Pressurized water reactor (PWR)
• SSTAR, a sealed, the reactor for a small network, similar PWR

* Graphite Moderator:

• Magnox
• Advanced gas-cooled reactor (Agr)
• High temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR)
• RBMK
• Pebble bed reactor (PBMR)

* Heavy water Moderator:

• SGHWR
• CANDU

Fast reactor

Although first-generation nuclear reactor type fast reactor, but the development of nuclear reactors of this type less than the thermal reactors.

Benefits include fast reactor nuclear fuel cycle that has to use all the uranium contained in urainum nature, and can also transmute the radioisotopes which depends on the entire waste into material faster. With this reason, real fast reactor is inherently better ensure continuity of energy availability rather than thermal reactors. See also the fast breeder reactor. Since most of the fast reactor used to produce plutonium, the reactor type is closely related to nuclear proliferation.

More than 20 prototypes (prototype) fast reactors have been built in the United States, Britain, Soviet Union, France, Germany, Japan, India, and until 2004 a unit of the reactor being built in China. Here are some fast reactors in the world:

• EBR-I, 0.2 MWe, the United States, 1951-1964.
• Dounreay Fast Reactor, 14 MWe, England, 1958-1977.
• Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station Unit 1, 94 MWe, the United States, 1963-1972.
• EBR-II, 20 MWe, the United States, 1963-1994.
• Phenix, 250 MWe, France, 1973-present.
• BN-350, 150 MWe plus desalination, USSR / Kazakhstan, 1973-2000.
• Prototype Fast Reactor, 250 MWe, England, 1974-1994.
• BN-600, 600 MWe, USSR / Russia, 1980-present.
• Superphénix, 1200 MWe, France, 1985-1996.
• FBTR, 13.2 MWe, India, 1985-present.
• Monju, 300 MWe, Japan, 1994-present.
• PFBR, 500 MWe, India, 1998-present.

(The electric power shown is the maximum power, the date displayed is the date when the reactor reached a critical first time, and when the reactor critical for last time when the reactor is already in the decommissioning (decommissioned).

FUSION REACTOR

Nuclear fusion offers the possibility of a large release of energy with only slightly radioactive waste generated as well as with better security level. However, there are still obstacles kendal-science, engineering and economics that hamper the use of fusion energy for electricity generation. This is still an active research field with such a large scale can be seen in JET, ITER, and the Z machine.

Until 2005 there were 443 licensed nuclear power plant in the world, with 441 of them operate in 31 different countries. The entire reactor was supplying 17% of world power.

The first nuclear reactor to generate electricity generating station experiment is EBR-I on December 20, 1951 near Arco, Idaho, United States. On June 27, 1954, the world’s first nuclear power plant which generates electricity for the electric network (power grid) started operation in Obninsk, USSR. The first commercial scale nuclear power plant is a Calder Hall in England, which opened on October 17, 1956

What and how effect and impact of nuclear radiation, if a nuclear explosive

As many as 4,000 people were killed in the accident, and victims continue to fall after suffering from various diseases caused by exposure to radiation.

Some health effects suffered by victims of nuclear radiation, including cancer. The number of victims is still controversial, but cancer is estimated to 93 thousand and 200 thousand people affected by other diseases.

Victims are directly exposed to the radiation exposure of acute radiation syndrome (ARS), they died within a few weeks after the explosion. In addition to ARS affected, there are also victims who died of thyroid cancer after exposure to the air inhaling radioactive.

In addition, there are also victims of nuclear radiation who suffered from leukemia, metabolic disorders, and cataracts. Some people also claim to have fertility problems and pregnancy problems, but has not been established whether the problem is the effect of radiation.

Let us hope that the nuclear problem in Japan, due to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan, can be overcome and will not cause adverse effects .

Photo : The nuclear reactor facility in Fukushima, Japan

Although it has been turned off, the demise of the cooling system becomes a serious concern. Therefore, nuclear reactors already shut down still require cooling process. To anticipate the worst, the government has asked residents near a nuclear reactor is to evacuate to a safe radius.

“Orders have been announced to the entire population living in a radius of less than 3 kilometers to go away and anyone who was in a radius of three to ten miles were asked to stay indoors,” said Japan’s Chief Cabinet Secretary Yujio Edano as reported by AFP.

He said the order to evacuate is a precaution. Earlier, Prime Minister of Japan Naoto Kan has ensured there was no radiation leak at a nuclear reactor.

In addition to nuclear reactors in Fukushima, the problems are also experienced in other nuclear reactors in Miyagi, one of the most severely affected region in the northern Fukushima earthquake. In a nuclear reactor operated Onagawa Tohoku Electric Power, the fire was burning in a building separate from the reactor turbine. However, it does not cause problems in the reactors.

In accordance with computer technology

After going through the process of digitalization, information received will be turned into a series of binary numbers that make up the information in the form of digital code. The digital code will be able to be manipulated by computers. An example is the video camera image that has been converted into digital form. Digital form representing the picture elements (pixels). Elements of the images could be manipulated by computers. So that we can create a certain effect on the image and can also improve the image quality is considered poor. Its manipulation form could be the addition of light intensity on the image, so that the existing image becomes lighter or darker, increase the sharpness of the image that lack focus, and improving color in certain parts of the image.

Multiplexing

This technology allows us to distribute information in a variety of types and in large numbers at once. The information in the form of digital signals will be distributed through a single communication channel. Later a single channel will be divided into smaller channels and separately, so, the need for construction and maintenance will be minor. There are two multiplexing systems offered are:

1. Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) – Communication channel will be divided into smaller channels that have a unique frequency. So the digital signal containing information then go in and distributed in the channel will not be mixed with each other. Examples of this type of multiplexing system is on broadcast and cable elevisi. FDM popular with transparent code designation.
2. Time division multiplexing (TDM) – Multiplexing system is the way it works is by dividing the incoming digital signal into smaller pieces. Then each of the signal will be transmitted simultaneously in one time. This system is fast and efisien. System can also be monitored via computer.

Integrity of data during transmission process

At the time the information transmitted in the form of digital signals, although has traveled a considerable distance data integrity will remain intact. Digital signal will be through a series of repeater stations (repeater station) that serves to protect and strengthen the signal along the transmission route. Disturbance in the form of bad weather and noise will not affect the transmission of digital signals. This happens because, at the repeater station will have regenerated digital signal. The signals are damaged will be replaced by a new signal.

Flexible communication system

Digital technology through the Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) or integrated services digital telecommunications network to deliver a variety of information in a single network sebauh. ISDN can be described as a large information pipeline that consists of various components of information that can be images, data, voice. All data can be accessed and moved with ease through a specific tool that is easy dicolokan and revoked. Examples of tools used for data transfer method is a data cable and flash tool is widely used to exchange data and information in digital form. ISDN technology is bringing a revolution in how we communicate. We can exchange pictures, graphs, and data easily, quickly and can be done anywhere and anytime.

Cost Efficiency

Equipment on digital technologies generate mass production which then will reduce the cost of production. The tools of digital technology is also more stable, practical and has a long durability in use. This caused the cost of maintenance becomes a little more. This is because the technology integrated circuit (IC) which will then be better known as chips. These objects have a significant impact, because with a chip, computer technology that previously had to use the machines and components that are large, heavy and cumbersome task can be replaced by these chips.

Reference: Wikipedia and Various Other Sources

Nano Hummingbird, with shapes such as birds and small size, can maneuver more agile, even to break through a window or standing on an electric wire. More sophisticated, Nano Hummingbird can fly vertically, to the right, left, forward, and rewind. Nano Hummingbird can fly up to the speed of 17 kilometers per hour. As a robot that serves as a lookout, Nano Hummingbird equipped with a camera to record the surrounding atmosphere.

Nano Hummingbird Robot size small, which can be seen from the size of its wings are only 6.5 inches, or about 18 cm and weighs only 19 grams or lighter than a standard AA battery.

To create Nano Hummingbird, the U.S. Defense Institute has conducted research robot manufacturing over the past five years since 2006 and has spent over $ 4 million U.S. dollars. To make this reconnaissance robot, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which is a defense research agency owned by the United States Defense Department in collaboration with Monrovia and AeroVironment Inc..

Disruptive technology

Worse yet, many are trapped in the advancement of technology. With the various facilities offered, technology has made many people comfortable with themselves. Many people are now more individualistic, do not like hanging out and socializing.

For example, we take the example of social media technologies, such as Twitter and Facebook. Given these two social networks, communication between people becomes easier, faster and cheaper. Negative effect, with the ease and practicality of this, face to face communication is very rare. This then becomes its own problems in life or social interactions.

Technology disturbing or disruptive technology. Technology does not completely disrupt. This is certainly back on us as consumers, are making the technology as a tool or even an extreme make technology as ‘God’ – reliance on this technology which should be avoided. We should be able to put yourself in the middle more advanced technology.

Actually, the NFC is the development of card technology Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). RFID has the same form and function like an ATM card is different from RFID cards do not need to be polished (contactless) thus RFID cards do not need to be removed from the wallet in the payment process, users simply hold the purse to the payment terminal or reader called. In Indonesia, RFID cards are widely used, for example: e-Toll for automatic payment of toll gates, bracelets (RFID tags, not the shape of the card) is used instead of tickets at amusement parks.

NFC technology on mobile phones a step further than where RFID technology in mobile embedded NFC chip that can act as an RFID card and also as a reader at once with a short range radius (less than 10 cm). NFC technology on mobile phones can truly replace the wallet in which to spend money and also received money from and to fellow users NFC. In addition to payment of NFC technology can be used as a replacement ID card, driver’s license, student card, etc., time card, and others.

It is planned that by 2011 it would appear many leading mobile products equipped with NFC technology. The first mobile product with NFC technology is already marketed in Europe and America is the Samsung Nexus S, equipped with NFC controller chip products NXP (Philips), namely PN544. Philips is a leading manufacturer of RFID cards. Samsung Nexus S uses the Android operating system version supported by Google Gingerbread. Google itself has prepared a variety of applications for NFC technology on cellular phones.

Many jokes about printing machine that works hard 24 hours a day to produce the amount of money very much for a very large fund expenditures. But on the other hand, the use of physical cash is on the decline worldwide, due to non-cash payments are growing in popularity. Although, according to economists in the money increases, the amount of paper money people are putting in the wallet tends to decline. This can be seen from the increasing number of credit and debit card transactions worldwide. Analysts predict that the top three regions in mobile payments is the Far East including China, Western Europe and the United States, which as a whole will account for more than 70 percent market share in mobile payment gross transaction basis by 2013.

School of Electrical Engineering & Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, is active-very jealous conduct research to develop Transaction System Using Mobile Phone and NFC Technology with a grant from the Incentive Program, Ministry of Research and Technology. NFC Research Group had been formed. The purpose of this research is to produce a transaction system with NFC technology on mobile phones for micro payment (payment with a small amount, for example: public transportation, shop, canteen, etc.) and macropayment (payments with a larger number, for example: supermarket, mini market, restaurant , various shops, etc.).

This transaction system to be very safe for users, sellers, and users of the financial industry so that money can not be reduced / increased improperly; seller get the money that should be, and the financial industry does not lose money and not have to pay should not. Let’s welcome the presence of NFC technology for shared prosperit.